Gypsum is a very common, soft sulfate mineral composed primarily of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO₄·2H₂O. Visually, it can be colorless or white, but impurities can also give it a variety of hues.
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While gypsum is by far the commonest hydrated sulfate mineral, this group also includes epsomite (MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O), melanterite (FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O), goslarite (ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O), and chalcanthite (CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O), all of which are highly water soluble and are found as efflorescences resulting from sulfide oxidation, often as postmining products.
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Sulfate minerals common in evaporite deposits include anhydrite, gypsum, thenardite (Na 2 SO 4), epsomite (MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O), glauberite [Na 2 Ca (SO 4) 2], kainite (MgSO 4 ·KCl·3H 2 O), kieserite (MgSO 4 ·H 2 O), mirabilite (Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O), and polyhalite [K 2 Ca 2 Mg (SO 4) 4 ·2H 2 O].
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The specifics of ore formation depending on the composition of silicate melts. The variation in the content of gaseous sulfur and the temperature of the solidus of magmas determines the features of sulfide formation, genetically associated with silicate magmas of different composition.
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Sulfur forms pyramidal or tabular crystals, encrustations, powdery coatings, and granular or massive aggregates. Crystalline sulfur may exhibit as many as 56 different habits. Most sulfur forms in volcanic fumaroles, but it can also result from the breakdown of sulfide ore deposits.
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The largest accumulations of mineral sulfur are found in the subsurface. Many of these are in fractures and cavities associated with sulfide ore mineralization. The largest are associated with evaporite minerals, where gypsum and anhydrite yield native sulfur as a product of bacterial action.
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More than 100 sulfate minerals are known, and most are rare. Gypsum and anhydrite are the only rock-forming sulfates. Sulfates, like borates and nitrates, are common minerals in evaporite deposits. They are also, however, found as secondary minerals in many different kinds of rocks.
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Some sulfates are common as minor, and rarely major, minerals in ore deposits – typically as replacements for primary sulfides. Anglesite (PbSO 4 ), for example, forms during weathering or alteration as a replacement for galena (PbS).
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gypsum, common sulfate mineral of great commercial importance, composed of hydrated calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O). In well-developed crystals the mineral commonly has been called selenite. The fibrous massive variety has a silky lustre and is called satin spar; it is translucent and opalescent and is valued for ornaments and jewelry.
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Gypsum is an evaporite mineral most commonly found in layered sedimentary deposits in association with halite, anhydrite, sulfur, calcite, and dolomite. Gypsum (CaSO 4. 2H 2 O) is very similar to Anhydrite (CaSO 4).
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