The mineral wealth of South Africa has been exploited by Homo sapiens for at least 40,000 years and has provided many and varied commodities including gold, platinum and diamonds. This chapter provides a historical perspective on minerals and mining mainly in South Africa, although it does occasionally stray across the borders …
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Abstract. New metallographic analyses of large assemblages enable the description of a comprehensive picture of indigenous metallurgy during the southern African Iron Age. Metal working was ...
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Africa. As modern South Africa lacks a detailed account of early mining12, this will allow insights to be gained from the more substantial body of research completed in Zimbabwe and eastern Botswana13. Examples from South Africa will be used where possible. The mining techniques employed did not differ signifi-cantly throughout southern ...
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The archaeology of the later prehistory of southern Africa (Map 1.13.1) is synonymous with the Iron Age (Soper 1971; Phillipson 1977). This chronostratigraphic label is used to …
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The Iron Ageof Africa, the period when iron technologies emerged, is an interesting topic because it didn't happen uniformly. In some parts of Africa, iron was developed very early on (in fact ...
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The Mining of Iron Iron was, of course, the most important metal in the culture and economy of the Iron Age people. Early evidence of iron smelting in the Transvaal, and therefore, by implication, of iron-ore mining too, comes from the Broederstroom site (Hartebeespoort Dam), where slag, iron ore, and charcoal dated to the 5th century A.D. …
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M M ining in South Africa has been a contentious issue since 15-year-old Erasmus Stephanus Jacobs discovered South Africa's first diamond, the Eureka, in Hopetown in 1867. It kickstarted what historians call the Mineral Revolution, which made few European opportunists wealthy beyond measure, and saw hundreds of thousands of men leaving …
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southern Africa is the Thulamela settlement in the Kruger National Park, extant from the late 14th to the 17th century. Specularite has been mined in Swaziland for 28,000 years (Saunders, 1994, in RT6 Granville). Most of the pre-colonial mining practised in South Africa dates from the Late Iron Age. The activity was largely confined to the
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Abstract. Metallurgy, and mining metal ores, was first introduced to southern Africa about 2000 yr ago by early farmers. During the first millennium AD iron and copper were exploited, with tin and ...
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Topic c: indigenous mining in south africa before the modern era. The history of South Africa is closely linked to mining. Gold and diamond mining has generated much wealth for the country over the last 150 years. The mines in South Africa today produce gold, diamonds, silver, platinum, chromium and many other minerals.
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sbm the mining of iron in south africa before the modern eraMining in SA 2020 3 3 · Economic activity in modern day South Africa has been centred on mining activities,their ancillary services and supplies.The country ' s stock exchange in Johannesburg was established in 1887,a decade after the first diamonds were …
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PDF | On Jan 1, 2013, Thomas Thondhlana and others published Pre-colonial mining and metalworking in southern Africa: An overview with specific reference to Zimbabwe | Find, read and cite all the ...
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As a cultural behavior, mining has on the African continent extends to around 120,000 years ago, when communities living on the southern Cape Coast in South Africa processed iron-rich oxides to make pigments. 36 However, mining performed with the intention of gaining usable metal from ores through the application of heat in an …
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Her diverse experience across multiple geographies, including South Africa, South America, and Australia, has established her as a prominent figure in the global mining industry. Naidoo's …
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Evidence of Iron Ore Mining in Southern Africa in the Middle Stone Age. R. A. Dart and ... (Limpopo, South Africa), Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 15, ... Paul A. M. Nex, Judith A. Kinnaird Minerals and Mining in South Africa, (Oct 2018): ...
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North Africa was complete, marking the beginning of the cultural, religious and ethnic division between Africa north and south of the Sahara. At this time also the Bantu people had completed their migration from west to southern Africa. Now iron tools had begun to replace flint tools.
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Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 75 (1975), pp. 185-191. View in Scopus Google Scholar. 16. ... Extractive metallurgy in Iron Age South Africa. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 94 (1994), pp. 243-246. Google Scholar. 40.
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Foreman Bandama (2014) The Archaeology and Technology of Metal Production in the Late Iron Age of the Southern Waterberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa ...
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lurgy in the area (Mtetwa, 2011; Ndoro, 1994), as evidenced by modern iron ore mining in the Nyuni Hills (Mapira, 2012). In addition, areas near the Bondolfi Mission 15km northwest of the Great Zimbabwe centre have rich gold depos-its, which supported precolonial gold mining (Phimister, 1976; 1974) and con-tinue to be exploited today.
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South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 8: 91-99, 2000 93 Location of Early Gold Mines There are extensive Portuguese records from the late 15th century onwards of indigenous gold mining in south? ern Africa (Axelson 1960, 1969, 1973; Pikirayi 1993). In the documents studied and summarised by Axelson, there
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Indigenous Mining Of Iron In South Africa Before The Modern Ore 4even before any land is mined,activities associated with site preparation and clearing can have significant environmental open pit mining is a type of strip mining in which the ore depositMining In South Africa Mining Of Mineral Resources …Gold mining in South Africa South ...
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The Iron Age. Before the Iron Age in southern Africa most people were nomadic and survived by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants. Most chiefdoms were small in size and people did not regard land as property. This resulted in fairly harmonious co-existence as no tribe needed to be or was sufficiently more powerful to conquer another.
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Before the Industrial Revolution took place, manufacturing was often done in people's homes, using hand tools or basic manual machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, specialised machinery, factories and mass production. ... Diamond Mining in South Africa Image source. In the 1870′s and 1880′s Kimberley, encompassing the ...
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In Southern Africa, gold and copper mining (and occasionally iron mining) is as sociated with dolly holes (grooves typically made on granitic surfaces for processing met al and ores) (Huffman 1974).
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This paper summarizes indigenous mining methods used to collect metal ores in pre-colonial southern Africa, south of 15°S. These methods, for the purposes of discussion, are divided into sections ...
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Though people have lived in Africa quite some time, the use of iron tools marks the significant moment of African civilization. Iron tools enhanced weaponry, allowed groups to clear and manage dense forests, plow fields for farming, and basically better everyday lives. Ultimately, iron tools allowed Africans to flourish in every environment,
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The African continent is richly endowed with significant mineral, oil and gas resources, including large reserves of gold. As noted in the previous chapter, the continent is home to a large portion of the world's mineral wealth, including 42 per cent of the world's known gold reserves (Bush, 2008, p. 361).The continent's largest producer of gold, …
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The year 2023 proved to be an exceptionally demanding period for the global mining industry, with South Africa facing multifaceted and far-reaching challenges. ... can languish for years before they are processed and granted. Africa is renowned for its vast mineral reserves, encompassing platinum group metals (PGM), copper, cobalt, iron-ore ...
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This paper summarizes indigenous mining methods used to collect metal ores in pre-colonial southern Africa, south of 15i?½S. These methods, for the purposes of discussion, are divided into sections in order of increasing organizational complexity, from scavenging, which only required basic equipment and a relatively minimal division of labour, to …
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Metallurgy was brought to southern Africa by early Iron Age farmers who, about 2000 years ago, made the dangerous journey across the Limpopo River and moved down along the eastern coast into ...
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The history of gold mining and gold trade in southern Africa goes back nearly 1000 years. Given the number of early gold mines and the records of lively trade on the east coast, the scale of ...
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The inception of metallurgy in southern Africa was characterised by small-scale production, as extrapolated from the modest amounts of metallurgical debris and metal artefacts (of both iron and ...
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Launched in March 2005, Modern Mining now ranks as one of South Africa's leading mining monthlies. The magazine is designed to offer valuable business intelligence on mining to its readers and covers mining throughout Africa with a particular focus on Southern Africa. It has an extensive news secti...
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The advent of colonialism and the introduction of modern scientific mining in Ghana during the last decade of the nineteenth century enabled European mining companies to gain control over the ...
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Merensky Reef in 1926, leading to South Africa now pro-ducing 78% of the world's platinum. Other world-class deposits of the modern era include iron from Sishen and manganese from Kuruman. Keywords Diamonds · Gold · Mining · Minerals · Platinum · South Africa 4.1 nI troduction The mineral wealth of South Africa has been exploited by
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Mining in southern Africa has a long pre-colonial history. Haematite mining in Swaziland can be traced back more than 40,000 years, iron smelting dates from 400 AD or earlier, and copper from 900 AD.
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African Archaeological Bulletin 49, 1984, 79-89. palaeoenvironments (1984) 329-60. Indigenous Iron Production in Southern Africa 231. Prospecting and metal production …
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Mining was a widespread economic activity in the African Iron Age. This paper reviews the available evidence on, the archaeological, historical, ethnological, and technological aspects of early mining in the Transvaal. A number of analyses of ores found ...
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Southern Africa. He identified prehistoric mining as 'ancient mining', anddetected areally 'ancient' tradition and a'more modern' tradition related to 'present day natives andtheir predecessors'. Between 1964and 1982,anumber ofarchaeologists devoted their attention to the problem ofprehistoric mining inSouth Africa. Mason2, in 1964,investigated
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